In this paper I will describe how the contact between Native Americans and Europeans between the founding of Jamestown and the outbreak of the American revolution constituted a continuous cultural revolution for Native Americans. I will support my thesis with the book The Earth Shall Weep by James Wilson, and other Internet sources sited below. It is important to understand how the impact of the Europeans changed the lives of Native Americans so we can understand their past, and what became of the victims of a terrible invasion.

The contact between Native Americans and Europeans between the founding of Jamestown and the outbreak of the American revolution constituted a continuous cultural revolution for Native Americans. The invasion of the Europeans had a great impact on Native American life. The Europeans impacted Indian religion and how they felt about their religion after the Beaver Wars. The Europeans impacted the way they farmed, their trade, their tools and the way they lived from then on. They also impacted they way they thought about themselves as individuals, their religion, and the way they thought of their tribes. The changes made by the Europeans ethier ended up in war, death, or changing the Indian culture to be more like their own. The only thing the English could not change was the Native American traditions. However the European impact changed their lives a great deal more than it stayed the same.

Every Indian tribe has a different creation story. All of them are very similar, they start out the same way and have the same idea and have the same outcome. Indian creation stories are similar to the Catholic creation story as well. One man creating others to live on earth. Indians live in cyclical time. They go from season to season living their lives in a pattern. "You have noticed that everything as Indian does is in a circle, and that is because the Power of the World always works in circles, and everything tries to be round...The Sky is round, and I have heard that the earth is round like a ball, and so are all the stars. The wind, in its greatest power, whirls. Birds make their nest in circles, for theirs is the same religion as ours.... Even the seasons form a great circle in their changing, and always come back again to where they were. The life of a man is a circle from childhood to childhood, and so it is in everything where power moves." Black Elk Oglala Sioux Holy Man 1863-1950. That is how the Indians lived their everyday lives, in a cycle. They believe in connecting and interacting with the environment. They respect the Earth and cherish its beauty. The Eagle is a creature that "flies the highest"(2) to them. It holds prayers on it's wings carrying them up to the almighty, or God. They hold the Eagle up high just like any Christian would hold a Bible. Indians believe in spirits, that everything has a spirit, trees, themselves, animals. They believe that the spirit never dies, it lives on forever. Stories and religion are passed on from generation to generation, cherishing their ancestors, environment, tradition and their culture.

"Rather than going to church, I attend a sweat lodge; rather than accepting bread and toast [sic] from the Holy Priest, I smoke a ceremonial pipe to come into Communion with the Great Spirit; and rather than kneeling with my hands placed together in prayer, I let sweet grass be feathered over my entire being for spiritual cleansing and allow the smoke to carry my prayers into the heavens. I am a Mi'kmaq, and this is how we pray." Noah Augustine, from his article "Grandfather was a knowing Christian."

When the Europeans came and invaded the Indians they changed their culture forever. When Europeans came they destroyed their culture, brought diseases, caused conflict and violence, removed the Native Americans from their lands, took their food and eventually defeated them all. When the Europeans settlers first arrived they did not know how to live on their own. They depended on the Native Americans to survive. In Plymouth, unlike Jamestown, the settlers knew how to survive on their own. They didn't disrupt them much, let them practice religion and hold their rituals. However eventually the only way the Indians could survive was to fall under European economy and to make their own products to trade and sell. They Europeans started taking more land and their food and the Indians were having trouble surviving. When another epidemic hit, the disease of smallpox, it killed off nearly 90% of the Native Americans and wiped out a lot of the Europeans as well. The settlers didn't know how to bounce back from the disease and needed to rely on the Native Americans to recover. This made the Indians question their religion. They couldn't understand why Europeans were surviving while their tribes were dwindling away. They started to lose confidence and some thought it would be safer to convert religions. After the wars between the Native Americans and the Europeans, most Indians were forced to convert to Christianity, some did it on their own. They were forced to live on reservations, where they were still allowed to practice their traditional dances, ceremonies and rituals. Europeans had a major impact on Native American religion, they nearly destroyed it but because of oral tradition and their tradition it was never forgotten.

Native American tribes never farmed for money or traded goods to form an economy. They farmed for their families and would only grow enough to survive. They believed in preserving the natural land and only using what they needed. The very first crop Indians started to grow was squash. From their they started growing cotton, tobacco, goosefoot, sump weed, sunflower, watermelon, pumpkins, and the most important was maize. Maize was very important because they lived off of it, and after it was eaten the husks would be made into arts and crafts. Native Americans cherish every part of the environment and they didn't believe in wasting it. So they put every part to good use, the husk of the corn being used for arts and crafts and the cob being used for fuel. They way of life for the Native Americans was women were in-charge of planting, weeding and harvesting the crops, while men were in-charge of clearing the land. Men would also hunt and fish for food. Tools that were used by Native Americans were the hoe, maul and dibber. The dibber is used for digging and planting the seeds. The hoe was used for clearing land, cultivating and harvesting. The maul was used to grind the corn so it could be made into mush and bread. When the Europeans came the way the Native Americans lived changed, and just like their religion they held on for as long as possible. When they settlers saw how much land was untouched by the Indians they invaded and took over all the land. They brought in new tools and new technology to plant more food than what the Indians did to make a profit. Europeans depended on the Indians to survive. The settlers didn't know how to grow crops in this new territory, the land was different. So they forced the Native Americans to continue to grow crops but instead of feeding their families what they grew would be exported and sold. They forced to Indians to work with the tools that they brought so the work would be done faster and their would be twice as much. Europeans were gaining profits while the Indians starved. After the Europeans came Indian agriculture and way of life was never the same. The Indians had to abandon their own tools so they could survive. They had to pick up on European trade and were forced to become apart of their economy. "When all the trees have been cut down, when all the animals have been hunted, when all the waters are polluted, when all the air is unsafe to breathe, only then will you discover you cannot eat money." Cree Prophecy (4) When epidemic hit and massive amounts of Native Americans died, they had no choice but to surrender to European way of life. After the wars and after the Indians were defeated by the Europeans they were forced to live on reservations where they lived like the Europeans. The English coming to America and invading Native Americans destroyed their way of life and destroyed their future.

Before the Europeans arrived its safe to say that Indian tribes were separated. Their were the tribes who lived in Plymouth, there tribes that lived in Jamestown and there were a hundred other tribes that lived up and down the coast. There are Alaskan tribes, Hawaiian tribes, Eskimos, and many more categorized by where they live or what they practice.(1) Indians rarely ever came into contact with each other outside of their tribes. Every tribe has their own rules, their own creation story, their own myths, their own chiefs and their own way of life. Although all of these things may be very similar within a tribe, they are also different and practiced separate from other tribes. When the English invaded America the major tribes they invaded were the Pequouts, the Powhatans, and the Wampanoag. When the Europeans arrived the Indians had to stop them. They were taking over the land and their culture. One thing all Native American tribes have in common is they are pacifists. They don't believe in fighting, violence or wars. Another thing they all had in common was they needed to stop the English. When the English invaded Plymouth it created Indian unity. It changed the way Native Americans interacted with each other. The war turned into the English versus all the Native American tribes. Even though the Native Americans were defeated in the end, it changed the way they thought of themselves and the Native American culture in general. They didn't just see their tribe, they saw other tribes as one of them. Once the wars were all over, the Iroquois Confederacy was created. It is a nation of six tribes brought together to work as one. It consisted of the Mohawk tribe, the Oneida, the Onondaga, the Cayuga, the Seneca and the Tuscarora tribe. They were known as the "league of peace and power". The Europeans bringing unity within the Native American culture may have been a good thing, but it wasn't the only thing they influenced. Not only did the effect of the European invasion change the way the Indians saw themselves as a whole, but it changed the way they thought as themselves as an individual. When epidemic hit hard on the English and the Native Americans, the Indians started to question themselves. They started questioning their courage, their confidence, and their religion. They took away their land, they took away their rights and their way of life and then they took away their spirits and their hope. After the European invasion, their was peace and unity within the Native American world, and their also was a wide-spread destruction of confidence, hope and pride.

Iroquois Tribe

The Europeans may have taken their culture, there way of life, they might have tried to change their religion and their beliefs, but they couldn't take away their tradition. After the Europeans forced the Native Americans onto reservations they were still allowed to practice rituals and ceremonies. All the way up to today Indians still practice their traditions. Art and music is very important to the Indians. The drum is a tool that was said to be brought to them by the "Almighty". Native Americans practice rituals for healing, marriages, spirituality, and to stay in touch with mother Earth and their Almighty. They pray before a ceremony or ritual and pray after. Ways of healing today in America have been adopted by the tradition ways of healing by the Native Americans that they still practice today. Animal totems are used for ceremonies and rituals and are still seen today.(5) Tradition is very important to the Native Americans, and that was one thing that the Europeans could not change. Today we know the stories of the Indians from oral tradition. Ever since their ancestors Native Americans have been using the form of oral tradition to pass on stories and legends. This is how they passed on their religion, stories of their very beginnings and their memories. The reservations and the invasion couldn't change those special parts of their life.

Watch a 2008 Native American ceremony

http://www.religioustolerance.org/nataspir.htm (1)

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/week707/belief.html (2)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States (3)

http://www.sapphyr.net/natam/quotes-nativeamerican.htm (4)

http://healing.about.com/od/tools/a/nativetools.htm (5)

Starrynight Van Gogh

Jamestown and Plymouth, two very different colonies.

In this paper I will show the differences and similarities between the Jamestown and Plymouth colonies. I will use the book The Earth Shall Weep by James Wilson(1) to support my thesis. It is important to know why the colonies were different so people have an idea of how Native Americans were treated in different places during the discovery of America.

The events between the Europeans and the Indians in Jamestown and the events between the Pilgrims and the Indians were very similar, however very different. What happened in Jamestown was almost like a sight into the future of what was going to happen in Plymouth. Religion, disease, interactions between the Natives and the English and the results in both the colonies were similar but very different from each other. Due to different reactions and different scenarios by the Indians and the Pilgrams in Plymouth, it caused Plymouth to be way more extreme than Jamestown.

When the Europeans and the Pilgrims landed in America they came to find already cultivated land. They found a civilization already established. However the English and the Pilgrims saw this civilization and clamied it disorganized and inefficient. Even though the Indians had established a whole way of life there, it was described as chaos(1). They appreciated the land that they saw, but they never really saw the Indians who put it there. Captain John Smith described the land as "well inhabited with a goodly, strong and well proportioned people"(1). He also said "that out of everywhere he has traveled he would rather live there than anywhere else"(1). When the Europeans and the Pilgrims arrived and took a look around they felt like the Indians weren't using their land because they were not farming properly on it. So they moved in and tried to force their way of life upon the Native Americans. This is was the major conflict starter in both the colonies. Indians farmed for survival, not to make economical success. Just like the Pilgrims in Plymouth, the Europeans of Jamestown wanted the land for trade and money.

However in Jamestown, just as soon as the Europeans discovered the land, they realized that they didn't know how to use it. They couldn't farm anywhere like the Indians could. So the Europeans needed Indian help to survive. At first they were trading and buying food off of the Indians to stay alive. Then they started claiming food and only leaving small payments behind and eventually they were leaving nothing at all behind for payment. The Indians in Jamestown started to starve because they didn't have enough food and seeds to feed themselves. The English only planned on living off of the Natives for a year, but they still could not create their own food. The Indians offered to help the Europeans, they would have taught them how to make their own food, but the Europeans hated and resented the Indians for helping them. They hated them for supplying them with food, and being so generous towards them. So they refused the offer. Europeans liked things the way they were between them and the Indians. They were making money exporting tobacco to England and wanted to keep things the same; taking everything from the Indians. In Plymouth things were similar but also very different. Unlike the Europeans at Jamestown the Pilgrims didn't need to depend on the Indians to survive. The Pilgrims were obsessed with killing the Indians and using their land and crops for trade. They wanted power just like the English in Jamestown. Unlike Jamestown, disease hit hard at Plymouth. First hitting the Native Americans. They ended up missing planting and harvesting cycles and they were missing their hunting seasons. This resulted in starvation for the Native Americans. The epidemics wiped out a lot of the Native Americans causing the Pilgrims to come in and take over the land that the Indians cleared. Unlike the English the Pilgrims fell sick with disease also, but just like the English they had to rely on Indian help as well. However they didn't rely for long. The Pilgrims knew how to grow crops on there own, so they didn't need to be dependent on them. This allowed them to be able to use the Indians land to make money and not have to trade or negotiate with them.

Indians and the English in both Jamestown and Plymouth followed the same religion. The Indians believed in living in the same area their ancestors lived in because their religion was based on place. "Place" meaning they felt like they could not leave the land that they came from. It has certian meaning being in the same location, the same moment as their ancestors. Europeans had a type of space religion, they could worship no matter where they were located. It didn't matter who lived their before, as long as your body is their, you are able to pray and practice religion. The conflicts between the two religions played a huge role in Jamestown and Plymouth. It caused the Indians to not surrender their land, and to stay basically under English control. They would not change their way of life, and in both places they had to be fought or forced into changing their life styles and they were eventually defeated. In both Jamestown and Plymouth the Indians eventually had to adapt European way of life due to disease and starvation. When disease fell over both of the colonies the Europeans and the Pilgrims both felt protected by God. They saw a lot of Native Americans dying and only few amounts from themselves. In result of feeling protected from God, they felt like the belonged there, and it boasted their confidence. Religion had a bad effect on both of the Native American cultures. They didn't want to stop practicing their way of life, they couldn't without almost falling under the English way of life.

Although religion had more of an impact in Plymouth than it did Jamestown. In Plymouth, once disease fell over the Indians, they became confused and unsure of why it was happening to them and not the Pilgrims. The epidemic of pox wiped out ninety percent of their population. In Plymouth there whole religion went crashing down. Ceremonies stopped, rituals, dances, celebrations. It crushed their spirit and lowered their confidence. This did not happen in Jamestown, and it had major effect on the Native Americans of Plymouth. The Indians saw that there were no Pilgrims dying of epidemic. They saw it as some sort of punishment from God. They considered switching religions, and most did. They felt like the Europeans had "greater spiritual power"(1). The deaths of so many Native Americans caused setback for the Indians. The Pilgrims moved in and claimed the land that was cleared by the Indians but wasn't being used due to death. This opened up opportunity and basically lead the Europeans to American success. As the Pilgrim confidence and success grew, in Jamestown it was the opposite. The psychological religious effects on the Jamestown Europeans may have boasted their confidence, but the way they lived off of the Natives lowered it. They started to question there superiority(1). They didn't feel like their way of life was good enough if they had to depend on the Native Americans to survive. They still however called them savages and said they were chaotic and inefficient. So even though the religions of both of the Native Americans in both colonies were the same, and both religions of the Europeans were the same, it had different physiological effects of both of them. This made them react to different situations and problems differently. Different thinking by Jamestown and Plymouth was one of the reasons that each of them resulted differently.

"Why should you take by force that from us which you can have by love? Why should you destroy us, who have provided you with food? What can you get by war? We can hide our provisions, and fly into the woods; and then you must consequently famish by wronging your friends. What is the cause of your jealousy? You see us unarmed, and willing to supply your wants, if you will come in a friendly manner, and not with swords and guns, as to invade an enemy."(1) This was said by Wahunsonacock, the sachem, or better known as chief of the Powhatan tribe. In Jamestown and likewise Plymouth the Indians believed in peace. They had the same way of life and all the same beliefs. They both were also brutally invaded, and had both their land and their pride taken from them. The Native Americans believed that if the Europeans came in peace and understand their culture, they could share a world together. When both the English and the Pilgrims needed food to survive, the Native Americans were willing to give it. Both worlds never appreciated the Indians. They just hated the Indians for their generosity towards them as they were taking over Native American land. The Indians of both places were willing to help them and live among them. They just didn't want the Europeans to come and invade them and to take by force what was theirs. The Native Americans were being reasonable. They couldn't understand why these new people wanted to destroy them when they were supplying them with food. They couldn't understand why the new comers had to force what they needed out of them, because if they came in peace, they would have gotten what they wanted. Jamestown and Plymouth were the same when it came to getting what they wanted out of the Indians. Jamestown and Plymouth were also turned out the same in the end. Both places ended up in Native American defeat. What was different was how the Indian defeat came about.

In Jamestown when the Europeans arrived and disrupted Indian life, the Europeans forced their way of life upon the Indians. They took all of the Natives food and when disease fell over the Indians it resulted in starvation. The Native Americans of Jamestown had no choice but to fall under the same way of life as the English to survive. Disease was wiping everyone out and the Native American culture was dying. In order for survival they had to do more than just grow crops, so they started living economically like the English. They made cooking pots and furs and grew crops to trade and sell. It was the only way to survive. In Jamestown unlike Plymouth there were never serious blood battles between the two groups. There was a conflict however between them, it was called in history the uprising of the Pawhatan tribe. The Pawhatans fought the English but the small conflict ended up in Indians defeat. In Plymouth when the Pilgrims arrived and disrupted Indian life just like the Europeans had in Jamestown the Pilgrims didn't necessarily force their way of life onto the Indians. The Pilgrims could live without Indian help and they did for a short time, and then they just left the Native Americans alone. However after epidemic hit the Pilgrims they relied on Native American help to survive. This was the huge difference between Jamestown and Plymouth. The Pilgrims could live without Native American support; they didn't need the Indians. Jamestown however couldn't, they needed the Indians to survive. This in the end helped the Pilgrims. They used the Native American products like fur to make money in trade with England, and the whole time knowing that they could destroy them and still survive. After the epidemic, the Pilgrims decided to make a treaty agreement. In this treaty there was a misunderstanding by the Native Americans and it gave domination to the English instead of equilibrium like the Indians thought. The treaty also states that each party would help each other if there was ever an attack by a third party, and that each of them would disarm when they met(1). The treaty agreement wasn't followed well. In Plymouth the Indians ended up rebelling against the Pilgrims. The Pequot tribe and the English went through attacks and war. It ended up in every Indian tribe across New England was against the Europeans. It was King James' war and it was much bigger than the war in Jamestown. Also in unlikeness to Jamestown the Indians ended up in defeat and extinction.

The Jamestown Virginia and Plymouth Massachusetts colonies were very similar but they were also very different. The major causes that put the Indians and the English into conflict were things that were very different between the colonies. Religion, how the English interacted with the Native Americans, psychological aspects; how they thought of themselves, and the English's first impression of the Native Americans were conflict causes factors in the two colonies. Jamestown and Plymouth had more significant differences than they did similarites. The significant differences between the two are why Plymouth came out more suscessful in European eyes, or more disastorous to the Native Americans than Jamestown.

Abstract:

This paper will talk about how the Europeans went into conflict with the Native Americans because of conflicting myths that each one has. I will support this thesis with James Wilson's book The Earth Shall Weep and Joseph Campbell's discussion over myth functions. It is important to know what caused the Europeans into conflict with Native Americans because it gives us an idea of their different lifestyles and a sense of what happened between the Europeans and the Native Americans.

Myth narratives give us an idea of lifestyle and culture. Every society has a different myth narrative. Some societies more similar than others, but others being very different. Myths are made up of four basic functions. The metaphysical function which is seeing the world and universe as a wonderful place. The cosmological function which is uncovering and discovering the mysteries of the universe which then lead to more questions that need to be answered. The sociological function which explains a cultures social order, and how they live by it. The last function is the pedagogical function. This is how the society lives their human life, and how they react to any given situation in their lives. The Europeans and the Native Americans had very different myth narratives that determined how they lived their lives and how they react to certain situations. Due to different myth narratives this is why the Europeans became in conflict with the Native Americans.

The first function of myth is the metaphysical or mystical function. It's seeing the world as a wonderful place. The Indians cherished ever single aspect of the world. They created stories about the mysteries of the universe. They saw every little thing and thought it was beautiful. The Europeans saw the world as a wonderful place as well. They wanted to discover it and uncover it's mysteries. Both Europeans and Native Americans have creation stories. Each one cherishing the world and bringing there own kind into the world. The creation stories are very similar. A man arriving to earth, and using parts of his body to create another person. There is no conflict between the Europeans and Native Americans in this function of myth because they both saw the world for what it was; a beautiful place.

The second function of myth is the cosmological dimension. This function simply means according to Campbell "the dimension with which science is concerned-showing you what the shape of the universe is, but showing it in such a way that the mystery again comes through." It means discovering every aspect of the world. Seeing every rock every flower and every frog and uncovering it's meaning. The Indians and the Europeans both thought the world was a wonderful place but the way they interacted with the world was completely different. The Europeans were in the age of the scientific revolution. They wanted to discover; to dissect every frog to examine every flower and every rock to see what its made of and what it can do. The Indians saw everything as apart of their lives. They had stories about the rocks and the flowers, they didn't want to disturb them or hurt them or any part of their environment. When the Europeans found them this would of course arise conflict. The Europeans have been discovering new ways to live, new technologies and discoveries. The Indians were happy with the way they were living. They didn't want to progress and further. They lived on necessities and worked for their families. The Indians looked to the Europeans six thousand years behind them. This made the Europeans angry because the Indians were not living their way of life.

The third function of myth is the sociological function. It means having a social order and living by it. Having a social order means having a hierarchy, having rules to follow, people having their place in their society and not being able to change it. The Indians had a chief. However the role of a chief is to be a leader, be the medicine man, and assist to those who need them. The chiefs were chosen because of their strength and bravery. Their goal was not to have power, it was to just keep peace. However the role of a chief is to just be a leader and keep peace. He is equal to everyone else around him. They had a type of true democracy. In Indian tribes men and women were equal, everyone was considered equal. They farmed for their families. The tribes didn't work together to make money like the Europeans. They didn't make money at all. They were all separate, interacting with each other and their environment. Their jobs were to feed and take care of their families. The men hunted and the women farmed and took care of the children. Europeans had a hierarchy. They had a king, queen, nobles, merchants and peasants. Everyone knew their place and followed the rules of their place in society. Women were below the men. Nobles had dominion over the merchants and peasants, even though the merchants supplied the necessary needs to live, they were considered low in the feudalism way of life. The European world was about power. They had a working economy, and they had people to run the economy. Europeans had a working trade and bartering system. They could import and export goods. They had a whole economical way of life. When they found the Indians they saw them as disorganized and inefficient. What they saw was no progress and no growth. They didn't know how to accept a world unlike their own. They lived in discovery and improvements. They lived in a world where people had power over others. That's all they could accept. Both the European and Indian way of life worked. They each ran their societies different, but each one was successful. However that didn't matter. What Europeans saw was no money, no rules that everyone in there society followed, and no progress. All they saw was a world unlike their own that they didn't accept. The Indians were happy and comfortable with their way of life, so in the end this lead to conflict.

The fourth function of myth is the pedagogical function. The pedagogical function according to Campbell means "how to live a human lifetime under any circumstances." People live their human lives under any circumstances in different ways. They come into the situation different, they react different, they deal with the aftermath different. Human lifetime is differs from society to society, however, people who live in the same societies are similar. Everyone lives a human lifetime in a pattern. From birth, to being raised and maturing, then to raising your own in the same ways you were raised, to old age and then to eventually to our deaths. This cycle in every society starts a culture. Having a certain culture means that you are going to react to situations in a different way than another society. The Europeans have grown up in wealth, and power. They are schooled and educated in things so when they grow up they can contribute to their type of world. As they go through the stages of their lives the way they will react to different things will compliment the type of culture they live in. Indians grew up respecting their environment. Living in peace and as equals. As they grew up and lived their human lifetime they were taught the basic needs of life. How to plant, cook, harvest. They were taught of their ancestors, stories of how they got to where they are now. Then those were taught by there parents and tribe, will grow up to teach their children and others children. The structure of the two societies is the same, however what the structure of their life consists of, is what causes conflict. How their cultures effect how they act and respond to certain circumstances in life is what drove the Europeans into conflict with the Native Americans and what drove the Native Americans to respond to the situation they were put into the way they did.

Out of these four functions the two that lead the Europeans into conflict with the Indians are the sociological function and the cosmological function. The function of myth that lead them into conflict the most was the sociological function. The two worlds were set up and run completely different. Europeans were all about making money. They saw the Native American culture as unproductive and behind them. This in itself leads to the conflict the Europeans had with the Indians. They saw the fertile soil that the Native Americans had and saw economical success. Europeans wanted them to adopt their way of life. The Europeans thought that the Native Americans needed someone in charge, someone to uphold the luxury jobs like banking and taking care of the economy. They thought there should be people farming, selling goods, loading ships with goods like the merchants did in their society. The wanted people to have the dirty jobs, the jobs that peasants had in their culture. They thought they needed more of an economical based society. However how do these things happen without invocation. The European culture feeds on wealth, inventions, high buildings, furnished country styled homes. They wanted to put the picture of their culture in the Native American world. This is the second function of myth. While the Europeans were in the scientific revolution, inventing new ways to power machines and inventing new ways to farm and make money, the Indians lived in cyclical time. They didn't progress industrially, they would live the same way and never change. The men had their jobs, hunting and fishing. While the women had theirs, they took care of the children and worked outside taking care of the crops. The Europeans didn't want that. They at first though it was unfair for the men to hunt and fish. They saw it as a luxury not a job. They saw the women as slaves. However the women were not forced to do those jobs, they liked them. When they found America, they saw money and they wanted the Native Americans to change the way they have always lived and to use these high tech machines to plow their fields. Native Americas were leaving huge amounts of fertile soil untouched. So the Europeans didn't consider them doing anything, and they wanted it changed. This is why the Europeans and the Native Americans were in conflict. They had different social orders and different ways of living. This is why America is the way it is today; a progressing economical success.

In the 16th 17th and 18th century every society had a different myth narrative. Like the Europeans and the Native Americans each myth narrative would be different. These myths reflected how each societies culture was lived, and how every human within that culture lived thier everyday lives and how they reacted to different situations. It was okay for each society to have a different narrative. The world was in seperate pieces. However the world is coming together. Technology and globalization is bringing the world together. We are evolving into one unit. We share economies, jobs, and we all interact with each other. Ever country is envolved with another. So if the world starts to work together, and isn't divided like the world was when the Europeans came into conflict with the Native Americans, should we create one myth narrative? The answer is yes, because if every society keeps thier own myths, and stays within their own culture, then we will never truly unite. We all live together, we have mixed cultures in every country. We need to create one myth that would fit everyone. That will lead to us falling under one economy. It would create a type of world peace. We wouldn't conflict in the ways we do because of myth narratives. The world would become an easier place if we created one myth narrative, and we all lived by it.

Midterm

In this paper I will prove how the moral of our society is to never give up, and how having a skeptical faith, avoiding dogma, to listen and watch well, and to clarify and define ends, the better to choose the means has shaped everything up till what we are today and is still what we need to progress. I will support this using The Wealth and Poverty of Nations by David S. Landes, Doctor Faustus by Christopher Marlowe, Medici Money by Tim Parks and using Dictionary.com and www.wikipedia.com. These concepts and the lesson of the past 600 years is important to know because it is what we need to keep our society going. It is what we need to keep progressing and to get where we want to go.

When we think of revolution we think of changing the world. There are more underlying factors that force revolution than just the aspect of P.E.R.S.I.A however. Looking back at the past 600 years you see continuous concepts reappearing. With every revolution the world goes through, those concepts get stronger. Like the world isn't yet ready to give up. Having a skeptical faith, avoiding dogma, to listen and watch well, and to clarify and define ends, the better to choose the means. These reappear throught history causing revolution, being the outcome of revolution and being intertwined with every revolution. These concepts are also what we need to keep progressing in the world. Humanism being the first to create these concepts, and then continuous revolutions making them stronger is showing that we want to get somewhere and the world is never ready to give up. "Never give up" probally is one of the most over used lessons in school today is the moral of our society. We never give up, after humanism we continued to show all of those concepts throughout history. Through the reformation, the scientific revolution, and the industrial revolution, and we will continue to progress. (4)

In the past 600 years the people in history have been questioning their religion and their beliefs ever since the beginning. The beginning meaning humanism. During the humanist revolution people began to be skeptical about their faiths. They didn’t have a skeptical faith. However the plan is to have a skeptical faith, right? Humanism was a step in that direction. Before humanism people thought of the world and themselves as one thing, nothing would change that. They wouldn't question anything, they would just believe. The outcome of that revolution was individuality. People started to become skeptical of not only religion but of goals, and opinions. People started to think for themselves. Ursury started to take over peoples lives. The church however kept a closed mind. They didn't avoid dogma and looked down opon usury. The Medici didn't care and neither did other bankers.(2) This is what made this revolution so productive, but it wasn't enough. Not everyone felt the same way, some still followed the church. The lesson then comes in, we need to keep trying. We have the reformation next. People began to question their own religion. Started being skeptical, not believing everything the church told them. Those ideas started to get going in the humanism era but really came out during the reformation. The reformation were more steps in the right direction. We didn’t stop there though. We kept trying and pushed forward; we didn't give up. At last we have the scientific revolution. The scientific revolution was the era of discovery. Having skeptical faith means to question, be observant, being aware, and being skeptical about what people tell you. The outcome of the reformation was people questioning the church. Some started new ideas of there own. These two revolutions were just stepping stones to the big bang in really making progress cultivationg a skepical faith. This revolution was the scientific revolution. Is Galelio right? This really started making peoples brains turn. It fired the engine of discovery. This lead to questions, choosing right or wrong by your own beliefs. Cultivating a skeptical faith. (4)

Dogma means "An authoritative principle, belief, or statement of ideas or opinion, especially one considered to be absolutely true."(3) In other words, to believe in something so strongly, to know truth and have faith, without letting outside infulence in. This is exactly what we don't want in our world. What we want is to be skeptical. We want to be open-minded. Who ever changed the world with a closed mind? If we have dogma, we will stop progressing. Humanism, the reformatioin, the scientific revolution, they all happend and created ideas, questions, inventions, and they pushed dogma away. Having dogma in our world would bring us back to before humanism. It would bring us back to fuedilism and the middle ages. When they all believed on thing and never questioned anything. We have avoided dogma throughout history. Look at the humanist revolution. They learned individuality and opinion. During the reformation they continued the process in skeptical faith. The scientific revoltuion, they found discovery, knowledge and new ideas. If we didn't avoid dogma none of these things would have happend. We would have made no progress and wouldn't be where we are today. That is why we need to continue to avoid dogma. So we can keep progressing, and keep trying. (4)

Learning from others is so important to society. If you don't watch others or listen to others, how will you learn? Not only does watching and learning impact our society today, and in the past 600 years, but it is vital to revolution. There are many ways in which this concept is so important to revolution. Like during the humanist revolution. People had to watch each other, gain ideas from each other and then transform those ideas into their own. Individualitly had to spread to everyone and then revolutionize the world. This concept is also important to the scientific revolution. People started listening and becoming interested in others opinions compared to their own. Some people would listen and watch others mistakes. Especially scientists of this era. They would watch one scientist fail, and they would continue to prove his or her theory. This brings us back to our theme, never give up. In order to make a revolution happen like the scientific revolution, this theme is extremlely important. You can't give up, you have to listen and watch well, pay attention to detail and pick up on mistakes. You have to revise what was done before you, never give up, fix it and sit back and look at what you accomplished. This is how discoveries, inventions and new ideas brought further meaning to a skeptical faith and revolutionized the world. These are not the only revolutions however where listening and watching is a very important key part to the revolution. To get educated, to find flaws, to get anywhere you have to listen and learn. During the industrial revolution, Britian being the huge leader industrially had everyones attention. Wether they feared them or followed them,aa people were watching and listening to Britian. Listening and watching well was a huge impact on the industrial revolution. How did other countries create an industrial state like Britian? They observed and watched Britian grow, and wether its right or wrong took Britians ideas and changed the lives of their people and their economies forever. That is what completly revolutionized the world. (4)

In reality, revolutions just happen. They don't get planned and they don't give you warning, they just change the world. That is a good thing. We needed the world to change in the way it has. We have progressed. However, the lesson still being learned, we can't give up. Now, after all the change we do need to claify and define ends. We need to set a plan and decide where we want to go. Like America and the other follower contries of Britian in the industrial revolution we need to set goals what will let us achieve our highest outcome. What will benifit us the most, economicaly, socialy, intellectually, politically, religiously and anstheticaly all the things that make up our world. To clarify and define ends, the better to choose the means, is the most important thing we can draw from everything we have learned throughout the past 600 years. It means that we have to set goals, see down the road and discover and claify what it is that we want most. It means that we have to figure out what exactly is the outcome of what we want, and what is the easiest way to get there. What we don't want is to be like Faustus. He made a deal with the devil without thinking about the long term consequences. If he thought about it, if he clarified and defined ends, he would have understood the means. He would have made a better decision and ended up with a better outcome. We don't want to go in blind like faustus. We want to plan ahead, set goals and know where we want to go. We want to "clarify and define ends, the better to choose the means." (4)

In conclusion the trend of western history is to keep a skeptical faith, to avoid dogma, to listen and watch well, and to claify and define ends, the better to choose the means. We have seen these things throughout every revolution. They cause revolutions, they are the outcome to revolutions, and they are throughout revolutions, and revolutions need these things. If we never give up and keep doing these things like the past 600 years then we will be fine. It is those things that will bring us to our destination. These concepts are all connected. If you keep a skeptical faith then you can listen and watch well, if you avoid dogma then all of these things can happen, and if we do all of these things then we will reach our goal. (4)

Marlow, Christopher. Doctor Faustus. (1)

Parks, Tim. Medici Money. New York, London: W. W. Norton & Company, 2005. (2)

Dictionary.com (3)

Landes, David S. Wealth and Poverty of Nations. New York, London: W. W. Norton & Company, 1999 (4)

Local History

Mills everywhere are going bankrupt because of globalization of the world. New technology is coming in and pushing mill and factory workers out. Manufacturing companies are using high tech machines to do the work instead of workers. Mills are being shut down because of newer ways to create rubber, woolen, paper, steel and other products. Mills are also a huge part of pollution. They contaminate soils with toxic wastes that are hazardous to people.
The Eastland Woolen mill located in Corinna, Maine went bankrupt and closed down in 1996. The mill took up 21 acres of Corinna. Corinna in 1865 was a mill town. The town had sawmills, planning mills, and woolen textile mills. The town also had door, sash and blind factories, shoemaking shops and an iron foundry. Waste products were emptied down the drains of the mill and they seeped into the soil around the mill. It contaminated the Sebasticook River and the soil of Corinna in more than just those 21 acres. When they realized that the chlorinated benzenes, the chemical released into the soil was toxic they contacted the U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Maine Department of Environmental Protection (ME DEP). 150,000 tons of contaminated soils were removed from the town of Corinna. However chlorinated benzenes were used to swell the wool and to enhance dye processes and were very dangerous to have in the soil and water in the town of Corinna. Not only was chlorinated benzenes in the soil but there was copper, biphenyl, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium and many other chemicals like those.
There were 300 jobs affected by shutting down the mill, not to mention the damage effected on the environmental aspect of the town. It affected the way people saw the town of Corinna.

Interview: Sean Richards, resident of Corinna.
Did the mill affect you in any when it was here? “No, not really. I lived out of town a ways from the mill so my land wasn’t affected from the mill. It wasn’t a very pretty sight to drive past everyday though.”
Was your job affected by the mill closing? “No, I did not work at the mill. I worked in Newport.”
Did the contamination from the mill affect your health? No it didn’t. We don’t get drinking water from the water where the chemical leaked so I don’t think it affected my health any.”
What were your views on the mill? “I was glad that it got cleaned up. It was a shame that people lost there jobs, but it was polluting our town and it was an ugly scene.”
Did you agree with cleaning up the mill and the clean up of all the contamination? “Yes I did.”

The town has now replaced the mill with a senior citizens retirement home. The east branch of the Sebasticook river was restored and a Main St. bridge and railroad crossing was installed. The mill pond was turned back into a river and they removed the dam and divert to the Sebasticook River. The MACTEC paved new roads and they received two Engineering Excellence awards at state national levels. The town has an elementary school and a Village store. After 36 million dollars in cleanup the town of Corinna is a very nice place to live. Most people were very happy with the clean up of the town. The town is a nicer place to look at and a nice neighborly town thanks to the destruction of the mill and the clean up of all the contamination.

"We have a clean sheet of paper to start planning a new village center and this is a unique opportunity...some of us envision a New England village center with retail services, antiques and crafts, home or micro businesses, possible B&Bs and offices for professional services, all overlooking a river/lakeside environment"
-Resident of Corinna

Benzene the chemical found in the water and soil of Corinna is an organic chemical compound. It is a colorless sweet smelling liquid that is extremely flammable and has a high melting point. Benzene is more hazardous than most chemicals. It is on 8 federacy regulatory lists and there is 1 million pounds of it in the United States. It is an important in the production of drugs, plastics, synthetic rubber and dyes. A lot of chemicals are derived from benzene, this happens by one or more of the hydrogen atoms is replaced inside the nucleus. Some other types of benzene are phenol, toluene, and aniline. In the early 20th century benzene was used as after-shave lotion. Now to us that seems extremely dangerous but they used it for the sweet smell. Before the 1920s benzene was used for degreasing metals. In 1903 Ludwig Roselius used to decaffeinate coffee. Now we use benzenes for making rubber, dyes, detergents, drugs, explosives, napalm and pesticides. Benzene is extremely dangerous. Breathing big amounts can cause death. Low levels can result in drowsiness, dizziness, rapid heart rate, headaches, tremors, confusion, and unconsciousness. It can affect the liver, kidney and the endocrine systems. Drinking benzene or eating it can cause vomiting, irritation to the stomach, dizziness, sleepiness, convulsions and death. Long term effects are even more dangerous. Benzene damages bone marrow and can cause a decrease in red blood cells which causes anemia. It can also cause leukemia. It can damage the immune system and cause excessive bleeding and benzene cause bad infections. For women over a long period of time benzene can decrease the size in ovaries and cause irregular menstrual periods. They are starting to use toluene now as a substitute for benzenes because toluene is less toxic and has a higher liquid range.
Industries that use benzenes are the rubber industry, chemical plants, oil refineries, shoe manufacturers and gasoline related industries. In 1987 about 237,000 workers were exposed to benzene. Water and soil contamination is becoming a huge deal. In the U.S there are 100,000 sites that have been contaminated by benzene either in the soil, water or both.
Pollution is becoming a huge part of society today. Mills were a leading cause. Without pollution control which is the control of all the pollution that goes into the air from industrial production, agricultural activities, mining, transportation, human consumption we would damage our natural environment. There is air pollution, water pollution, soil contamination, radioactive contamination, noise pollution, light pollution, visual pollution and thermal pollution. Air pollution is the release of chemicals into the air. Chemicals like carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides produced by vehicles. Water pollution is from liquid spills, surface runoff, wastewater discharges, and littering. Soil contamination is when chemicals are released by spill or underground storage tank leakage. Most soil contaminations are from hydrocarbons, heavy metals, herbicides, pesticides, and chlorinated hydrocarbons which is the same as chlorinated benzenes. Noise pollution is from roadway traffic noise, aircraft, and industrial noise. Visual pollution is caused by power lines, billboards, litter, and graffiti. Thermal pollution is a temperature change in natural water bodies caused by human influence.
Motor vehicles are one of the leading causes of air pollution. The world leaders in air pollution are China, United States, Russia, Mexico and Japan. Soil Contaminators are chlorinated hydrocarbons, chromium and cadmium which are heavy metals usually found in rechargeable batteries and lead that is found in lead paint, zinc, arsenic and benzene. Landfills are the main source of soil contamination. Pollution can also be caused by natural disaster like hurricanes that can contaminate water from sewage.
The effects of pollution are very dangerous. Bad air quality can cause death. Ozone pollution can cause respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, throat inflammation, chest pain and congestion. Water pollution causes 14,000 deaths per day. Oil spills can cause skin irritation and rashes. Noise pollution can result in hearing loss, high blood pressure, stress and loss of sleep.
Edmund Cartwright invented the first power loom in 1785, this lead to the start of the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution was a revolution that caused major changes in the way the world saw itself and the way the world made their money. The discovery of the power loom lead to the invention of the steam engine to the creation of the first textile industry. The industrialization had a huge impact on the landscape, economy, and the people everywhere. The creation of mills changed the world forever. Not only did they change the work force, and the way people lived there lives, but it changed the environment and the image of the world itself. The lives of families changed drastically. Instead of people working in their homes to make money, they were forced to work in the new developing industries. Instead of home based economies the world shifted to an industrial based economy. Mills and new factories changed everything.
Now mills are diminishing. Newer industries were being created that were better. Better ways of making the same products that was healthier for the environment and easier to produce. However the world has stayed the same. Mills going bankrupt because of new creations industrially hasn’t affected anything. The world still portrays the same image and our economies are still industrially based. It just shows that the world hasn’t given up. We are still creating newer and better things. Industrialization is still growing.
Mills were a huge part of pollution to the environment. However mills are dwindling down because of upgrades in technology. We don’t need workers when we have high tech machines doing the work for us. Even though there is less pollution from mills there is still a lot from other things. Benzenes are very dangerous chemical that is contaminating a lot of soil and water in the United States. The destruction of mills is a huge step to getting rid of a lot of pollution, and a big step in industrial revolution.

I hate google Mr. Viles!!

Physical or Mental?

The industrial revolution was a physical revolution. Using David S. Landes’ Wealth and Poverty of Nations and various internet sources including wikipedia.com, wsu.com, and dictionary.com I will prove how the industrial revolution physically transformed the world from an agricultural perspective to an industrial.

A revolution is "a dramatic and wide-reaching change in the way something works or is organized or in people's ideas about it." stated by Dictionary.com. The movement of inventions throughout the world creating new industries, and changing the lives of the world is in fact a very dramatic and wide-reaching change. The industrial revolution changed the family based economy to an industrial economy. This changed the worlds appearance from small towns and family structured to urban with cities and factories. The industrial revolution was a physical change, it change the physical world by physical actions from one perspective to another.

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The industrial revolution had a major effect on the economy. As new inventions were being made industries and manufacturers were picking up speed and making profits. New farm equipment was being established which increased the need for workers. The industries were getting workers and were able to make products and pay less for labor. Having new inventions to help produce products faster than people did, and having people to run the devices efficiently was very effective. It raised the economy because industries were making lots of money. Individual countries started to make loads of money, and the countries that continued to work and progress rose to the top. Other countries that lived in wealth and didn’t work, like Spain fell behind.

Not only did it effect the economy but it effected the social aspect of P.E.R.S.I.A also. Households changed dramatically during the industrial revolution. Families weren’t making profits off of household labor anymore. They had to move to the big cities to find work, and there money source went from agricultural and workshop based to urban and industrially based. As people moved the population in the cities grew and population in the country diminished. “The industrial revolution brought the world closer together, made it smaller and more homogenous.” Said by Landes in Wealth and Poverty of Nations. Goods were in surplus and there was a more variety to choose from. This helped the families and the people of the world. People did not have to wait a week for a pair of socks to be made because clothing was not made in the household anymore. All they would have to do is go to a store and pick them up, thanks to the textile industries. That is a revolution.

As the industrial revolution grew people were becoming more familiar with the technology around them. To every invention that came out, just as fast there was a way to improve it. This effected peoples intellect. People were constantly learning at dramatic speeds to keep up with the technology being produced. They needed to know how to use the machinery to be effective in the work force. As people learned, the efficiency in the industries kept rising and more and more products were being made. Goods could not be made in the household anymore, they took to long to make and they wouldn’t sell. This changed the way people thought. Shifting from farming to big industries effected the way people thought of the world. However more importantly, not only the way they thought it changed peoples actions and how they lived their lives to get by in this new world.

The creation of new devices and machinery was the driving force in the industrial revolution. An invention according to Dictionary.com is "The action of inventing something, typically a process or device." An invention is not an idea or motive, it is taking action on those ideas and coming up with physical work. This is what happened in the 18th and 19th centuries. If you have all these machines and factories you need a power source. The stream engine created by James Watt was that power source invented during the industrial revolution. This was one of the most important inventions in the time period. Before that they used iron and coal however steam was more efficient and it was later used for steam boats and railroads as well.

America was gaining a wealthier economy as well. However they were shipping materials to Britain, and the British would ship back products for American consumers. America wanted there own manufacturing industries. Eventually we copied what the British had and developed our own factories. The first one being in Rhoad Island. This increased economy even more in America and changed the work force as well as everything else just like in Britain.

The industrial revolution had negative effects as well. It had a huge impact on farmers and the agricultural part of the world. When the world went from agriculturally based to industrially based, farms had to shut down. They run without a fence enclosing their grazing land, and some farmers couldn’t even afford fencing. Farmers had to sell and find work elsewhere. It also had a huge effect on pollution. Industries and the large urban cities caused massive amounts of air pollution the world wasn’t used to. In an agricultural society you don’t see pollution. Land is being used and the world uses replenish able natural resources. However the industrial revolution changed the agricultural society to an industrial one, and that caused pollution, deforestation and destruction to the natural habitats to plants and animals.

The industrial revolution was a physical revolution. The mental parts of it happened at the beginning, all of the ideas and thoughts. However, after that the ideas and thoughts had to be put to action. That is when the physical started, and it never stopped. The change in economy, the change in work force, changes in the household and family structure, population shift, industrial trade between Britain and other countries. These are all physical changes. A revolution is a dramatic and wide-reaching change, and all of the change over time was physical.